The Methods Behind the Agents, Built and Run Before We Recommend Them.
Agentic AI is the visible layer. Underneath it are methods our team has built and written up: probabilistic models, constraint engines, metaheuristic optimisers and retrieval systems. Most come with source code. The optimisers come with seeded results that reproduce to the cent.
Markov chain models
Order-1 and order-2 chains with context back-off and temperature-controlled sampling, written from scratch in the standard library. Transitions are learned by counting, so every probability can be read and audited.
Applied tosequence generation from reference data, next-state prediction, process and clickstream simulation.
Stochastic generation
Seeded weighted random walks over hand-authored weight profiles, with each value projected onto an allowed set. 1 seed reproduces a run, in Python and in a JavaScript port for workflow automation.
Applied toprofile-driven sequence generation, scenario and what-if sampling, synthetic test data.
Constraint-based generation
Several candidates are sampled per step and the lowest-cost one is kept under hard and soft rules: range, step size, forbidden pairings, learned likelihood. A repair pass then finds remaining violations and fixes them locally.
Applied torule-conformant multi-stream generation, scheduling and allocation under rules, configuration validation with auto-repair.
Simulated annealing
Single- and multi-objective annealing with a Pareto archive and an 11-point weight sweep, so a decision-maker sees the whole trade-off frontier and a knee point. Our book documents it with a working prototype for transport mode selection against cost and CO2.
Applied totransport mode selection, cost-versus-emissions planning, multi-objective scheduling.
Adaptive genetic optimisation
A genetic algorithm whose mutation and crossover rates adapt online to population diversity and stagnation, with capacity and demand limits as soft penalties. Our book documents it with a working prototype for 3-tier supplier, plant and distribution-centre assignment.
Applied tosupply-network design, plant and route selection, capacitated assignment.
Swarm and hybrid optimisation
Particle swarm and a hybrid swarm-genetic method for continuous decisions, benchmarked against the closed-form EOQ. Runs are repeated across 5 seeds and the mean is reported, not only the best run.
Applied toinventory policy and order quantities, continuous parameter tuning.
Retrieval-augmented generation
Hybrid dense and keyword retrieval with cross-encoder re-ranking over SAP documentation and BPMN process exports. Every answer cites its document and page, and the model must say so when the context does not hold the answer.
Applied toSAP functional questions, process documentation, private document libraries that stay on your infrastructure.
Protocol-based agents
A reference design for A2A agents on SAP BTP: agent cards, LangGraph orchestration and SAP AI Core models. The agent calls S/4HANA Cloud APIs as typed business tools from Joule or an external client. MCP tool catalogs sit under the same control model in Value Lens.
Applied togoverned agents on SAP BTP, Joule and agent-to-agent scenarios, custom Python jobs on SAP AI Core.
Numbers still come from deterministic code. These methods generate, rank, retrieve and explain; a person decides.